성인에서의 정맥혈전증(thromboembolism) 예방을 위한 약물의 사용(ex. LMWH 등)은 상당한 이점이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌으나 소아군에서의 약물 사용에 대해서는 대규모 무작위 시험에서 중심 정맥 카테터 유발 정맥혈전증(thrombosis associated with central venous cathete) 예방 효과에 대해서는 입증하지 못했다.
* CVC의 존재는 소아 환자의 DVT(deep venous thrombosis) 발생의 주요한 원인이다. DVT의 최소 85%는 CVC와 관련이 있으며 거의 모든 DVT 관련 사망은 CVC와 관련이 있다.
Lexicomp, LMWH의 소아 환자의 treatment & prophylaxis 용량
treatment | prophylaxis | |
enoxaparin | Infants 1 to <2 months: SUBQ: 1.5 mg/kg bid Infants ≥2 months, Children, and Adolescents: SUBQ: 1 mg/kg bid * young infant or critical ill 환자에서는 좀 더 고용량의 enoxaparin을 고려할 수 있음 1 to <3 months: SUBQ: 1.8 mg/kg bid 3 to 12 months: SUBQ: 1.5 mg/kg bid 1 to 5 years: SUBQ: 1.2 mg/kg bid 6 to 18 years: SUBQ: 1.1 mg/kg bid |
Infants 1 to <2 months: SUBQ: 0.75 mg/kg bid Infants ≥2 months, Children, and Adolescents: SUBQ: 0.5 mg/kg bid ** 국내 성인 환자의 정맥혈전증 예방은 40 mg qd SC가 권장됨! Q) 몸무게가 어느 정도 되는 청소년 환자에게서 위의 regimen대로 사용해도될까? |
dalteparin | Infants to Children <2 years: SubQ: 150 units/kg bid Children 2 years to <8 years: SubQ: 125 units/kg bid Children ≥8 years and Adolescents: SubQ: 100 units/kg bid ; a maximum dose has not been defined; based on experience in adult patients, maximum dose: 18,000 units/dose could be considered. |
Infants, Children, and Adolescents <16 years: <50 kg: SubQ: Initial: 100 units/kg qd; maximum dose: 5,000 units/dose. ≥50 kg: SubQ: 5,000 units qd; dose was not titrated to achieve a goal anti-Xa level. Adolescents ≥16 years: SubQ: 5,000 units every 24 hours; dose was not titrated to achieve a goal anti-Xa level. |
소아 DVT 예방을 위한 가이드라인
1. Raffini et al.
In their guideline, the mobility status played an important criterion for risk stratification.
This initiative was targeted at hospitalized children ≥14 years old.
Children ≥14 years who had altered mobility were assessed for additional prothrombotic risk factors (i.e., obesity, estrogen, major surgery, burns, trauma, thrombophilia, nephrotic syndrome, prior VTE, inflammatory disorders, and infection).
추천용량
30 mg enoxaparin twice daily for high-risk orthopedic surgery patients.
40 mg enoxaparin daily for medical patients for those >60 kg.
가이드라인 개정 후 Compliance with the recommendation : from 22 to >80% over the 4-year study period.
follow-up prospective study에서 enoxaparin을 투여받은 89명의 혼자에서 2개의 major bleeding event와 5개의 minor bleeding event가 발생하였으며 출혈 소견을 보인 모든 소아는 major orthopedic surgery를 받았다. 즉, major orthopedic surgery을 받은 환자의 4%에서 major bleeding event가 발생하였으며(2/51) 그렇지 않은 환자에서는 0건이 발생하였다.(0/38) CVC 관련 정맥혈전증은 관찰되지 않았다.
2. Hanson et al.
guideline for VTE prophylaxis in children admitted to the PICU after trauma
High risk of VTE | age >13 years or age <13 years with four or more risk factors for VTE | |
Low risk of VTE | <13 years and three or fewer risk factors for VTE | |
High risk of bleeding | The presence of one or more risk factors for bleeding classified the patient |
Risk factors for VTE: prolonged immobility, low Glasgow Coma Scale score, presence of CVC, spinal cord injury, complex lower extremity fracture, operative pelvic fracture, use of inotropes, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, exogenous estrogen, chronic inflammatory state, history of previous DVT, known thrombophilia, and current malignancy.
Risk factors for bleeding; intracranial bleed, solid organ injury, planned surgical intervention, or invasive procedure in the next 24 h, heparin allergy, high risk of severe bleeding, and renal failure.
at high risk of VTE and without high risk of bleeding | pharmacologic prophylaxis with LMWH and mechanical prophylaxis |
at high risk of VTE and with high risk of bleeding | only mechanical prophylaxis |
at low risk of VTE | not recommended to receive prophylaxis nor surveillance ultrasound be performed. |
3. Braga and Young
고위험군에서 기계적 예방이 권장
화상 소아 환자의 경우 LMWH를 통한 항응고 예방 요법을 고려해야 함
4. Meier et al.
a guideline for use in hospitalized children 10–17 years old.
5. Mahajerin et al.
a guideline for use in hospitalized children >12 years old.
VTE는 성인보다 소아에서 덜 흔하지만 그 비율이 증가하고 있다. 따라서 VTE 치료에 대한 현재 권고사항은 data가 부족하고 성인 연구에서 주로 외삽된다. 5가지 가이드라인을 검토하였고, 대부분 청소년을 대상으로 하였다.
If RCTs will be performed to determine the efficacy of prophylaxis against DVT in children, innovative study designs are needed. For example, a risk-stratified approach that mirrors the published guidelines may need to be incorporated into the study design. Bayesian study design with adaptive randomization is a potential alternative to determine the differential effect of mechanical and/or pharmacologic prophylaxis. This design has the advantage of dropping treatment arms that are likely to be futile then direct subjects to promising treatment. Sample size decreases because more subjects are enrolled in fewer treatment arms. Quasi-experimental designs, such as stepped wedge trials, should also be considered. Such a design can enhance participation because each center is guaranteed to get the intervention at some point.
In conclusion, evidence is lacking on the right approach to the prevention of VTE in children. RCTs, which are the gold standard, are very difficult to conduct. Innovative designs are needed to successfully complete these RCTs. Guidelines have been developed despite the paucity of evidence to help with patient management. These guidelines can be a source of valuable information to inform our practice.
reference:
1) Faustino, E. Vincent S., and Leslie J. Raffini. "Prevention of hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism in children: a review of published guidelines." Frontiers in Pediatrics 5 (2017): 9.
2) Vidal, E., et al. "Central venous catheter‐related thrombosis and thromboprophylaxis in children: a systematic review and meta‐analysis." Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis 12.7 (2014): 1096-1109.
'🤹♂️ 카테고리별 약물 > 심혈관' 카테고리의 다른 글
Hydrophilic vs. Lipophilic Statin: 친수성 스타틴 vs 친유성 스타틴 (0) | 2022.05.11 |
---|---|
경구 항응고제 다 같은 항응고제가 아니다?! - 흡수 위치에 따른 차이, DOAC, Absorption location, Bariatric Surgery (0) | 2022.04.10 |
Amlodipine vs S-amlodipine 차이(노바스크 정 vs 로디엔 정) (0) | 2022.02.13 |
고혈압 환자의 생활요법: 저염 식이, 소금 대체품, 염화칼륨 (0) | 2021.11.20 |
Mean arterial pressure(MAP), Admission to intensive care, Surviving sepsis campaign 2021 (0) | 2021.10.10 |
댓글